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- Atmospheric Circulation and More
-
- The global energy balance and atmospheric motion mainly determine
- the circulation of the earth's atmosphere. There is a hierarchy of motion
- in atmospheric circulation. Each control can be broken down into smaller
- controlling factors. The global energy balance is an equal balance of
- short-wave radiation coming into the atmosphere and long-wave radiation
- going out of the atmosphere. This is called thermal equilibrium. The
- earth is at thermal equilibrium; however, there can have a surplus or
- deficit of energy in parts of the heat budget. If you have a net
- radiation surplus warm air will rise, and a net radiation deficit will
- make the air cool an fall. Air gets heated at the equator because of the
- inter tropical convergence zone and rises to the poles. There the air is
- cooled and it floats back down to the equator where the process is
- repeated. Another major contributing factor to the circulation of the air
- is due to the subtropical highs. These highs like the ITCZ migrate during
- the different seasons.
- The idealized belt model is a great representation of the general
- circulation of the atmosphere. The equatorial belt of variable winds and
- calms ranges from 5 degrees north to 5 degrees south. This wind belt is
- characterized by weak winds and low pressure from the inter tropical
- convergence zone. As you go further north or south you encounter the
- Hadley Cells. Hadley cell circulation is caused by the movement of high
- pressure from the latitudes at 5 to 30 degrees north and 5 to 30 degrees
- south to low pressure areas around the equator.
- The movement of air from high pressure to low pressure causes
- convergence. This convergence generates the production of wind. The
- winds that are produced from this are the trade winds. The winds blow
- from a northwest direction in the northern hemisphere, and in the southern
- hemisphere the winds blow from a southeast direction. The trade winds are
- the largest wind belt. The westerlies, they lie between 35 and 60 degrees
- north and south latitude. The wind blows from the west , thus their name.
- The westerlies are in the Ferrell cell. Cold air from the polar regions
- falls down and then is heated up and pushed upward with the westerlies.
- >From 65 to 90 degrees north and south lie the polar easterlies. It exists
- because of the pressure gradient that is created by the temperatures. The
- winds are also deflected by the coralias effect. This deflection air is
- to the right in the northern hemisphere, and to the left in the southern
- hemisphere. The reason that this happens is because of the rotation of
- the earth on its axis.
- Two moving patterns of the general circulation of the atmosphere
- are the cyclones and anticyclones. Cyclones are low pressure systems
- characterized by converging and rising air. On the other hand
- anticyclones are characterized by high pressure because they have
- diverging air that is descending. There are also land and sea breezes
- which are produced by daily differences in cooling and heating of the land
- and water. Sea breezes bring cooler air in the day, while land breezes
- push cooler air over the water at nighttime.
- There also exists radiation surpluses and deficits through out the
- earth. There is a constant surplus between the latitudes of 15 degrees
- north and 15 degrees south. In the latitudes between 15 and 38 degrees
- north and south there is a net radiation surplus that varies annually.
- There is a net radiation deficit annually in the latitudes from 38 to 90
- degrees north and south. These surpluses and deficits are due to the high
- sun angle in the low latitudes, as well as the increased length of
- daytime.
- Finally the seasons of the earth are determined by the tilt of the
- earth on its axis. The earth is on a tilt of 23.5 degrees. When it
- revolves around the sun the earth is exposed to the sun at different
- degrees at different months of the year. Because of this phenomenon we
- get seasons on the earth. The earth and all of its circulation patterns,
- energy balances, and motions of the atmosphere are all very complex;
- however, it can be easily understood by my wonderful summary.
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